Field measurements of extreme inundation are now used for validating numerical models [In 1997, the Japan central government council, which consists of seven ministries, issued a guideline for comprehensive tsunami countermeasures that should be taken as part of regional tsunami disaster prevention. (since first published online) This is one negative aspect of relying heavily on a hazard map. S.K. This fact called for serious reflection on the conventional method that was used after 1960 which relied mainly on coastal structures.  The areas where the tsunami reached were exempted from real estate tax.  An exemption from the Car Acquisition Tax was created for those situations where a new car is the replacement for a car damaged or lost during the disaster.  In addition, disaster victims could delay local tax payments.Concerning national taxes, the Act on Reduction, Exemption, and Moratorium of Tax for Disaster Victims exempts or reduces the income taxes of persons who suffered severe damage to their houses or other assets and whose annual taxable income is less than 10,000,000 yen (about US$100,000).Based on the Act on Special Financial Aid to Respond to Severe Disasters,Media tracked whether people who received the extended unemployment benefits were employed or not.  More than half did not get jobs, even though the number of job openings itself is high.Many disaster victims lost their jobs.  The MHLW implemented various measures to help victims find new employers.During the Great East Japan Earthquake, houses were damaged, collapsed, or were washed away by the tsunami.  Even if the damage to a particular house was not so severe, the area where the house was located was in some cases unsafe to live in.  Many people needed shelter or places to stay.  Places that serve as emergency shelters—usually schools or community centers—are designated in the local Disaster Management Plans (see Part II(A), above).Public houses (housing for public servants’ families and public rental houses for low-income families) within the three prefectures that were hit hard by the earthquake were provided for disaster victims.  In addition, local governments outside of these prefectures provided their public houses for disaster victims voluntarily or upon the request of the affected prefectures.The construction of temporary houses started a week after the earthquake.Some temporary houses are popular, such as those that are located in a big city, but some are unpopular, such as those that are constructed far from the area where the disaster victims lived.  Some cities did not have suitable lands to build temporary houses.  For example, Kesennuma city is located on the ria coastline, and has little flat land that is suitable for temporary houses.Temporary houses are exempt from certain requirements under the Building Standards Law but must not be used for more than two years.When a severe disaster hits an area and infrastructures are paralyzed, it is difficult or impossible for affected people to comply with the deadlines for various things that were scheduled before the disaster.  After the 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake, the Diet enacted the Special Measures Act on Protection of Rights and Interests of Designated Disaster Victims, which extends the due dates of administrative actions by victims and exempts them from the application of certain regulations.Relief donations that were collected by major organization in Japan, such as the Japan Red Cross and the Central Community Chest of Japan, were distributed to prefectures.  The Relief Donation Allocation Committee was established on April 7, 2011, to determine the allocation of donations among prefectures.  Committee members consist of three academic experts, representatives from four organizations that collect donations, and representatives of the prefectures.  The MHLW is involved in the Committee.After the 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake, the MHLW established the Guidelines on Disaster Waste Disposition Management in 1998.  The Guidelines promoted the establishment of an emergency system of waste management by local governments.Removing huge amounts of debris was not easy.  If the government landfills and incinerates debris, it may rapidly reduce the volume of debris to be processed.  However, waste disposal is strictly regulated in Japan.  The Ministry of Environment (MOE) collected information on disaster waste immediately after the earthquake and started to coordinate support with other local governments in areas that were not so severely damaged.The Diet enacted the Act on Special Measures Concerning the Handling of Radioactive Pollution in August 2011.Under the Act on Special Measures Concerning the Handling of Radioactive Pollution, the national government has established a system to monitor and record contamination levels of various places and let the public know the results.The Act on Special Measures Concerning the Handling of Radioactive Pollution also has a section on decontamination.Among the special decontamination areas, decontamination has been completed in one city.  In other municipalities, preliminary decontamination was mostly complete as of July 2013, and all municipalities had established decontamination plans.  Five municipalities had started decontamination, and three municipalities were negotiating decontamination contracts.As noted above, within hours of the earthquake and ensuing tsunami, government officials became aware of the tsunami-related damage to the Fukushima Daiichi plant, declared a nuclear emergency, and began evacuating affected individuals.  Similar measures were undertaken with regard to the area surrounding Fukushima Daini plant soon thereafter.The nuclear accident caused an ongoing problem of radiation.  As mentioned above, some people were forced to vacate their houses and lands due to contamination and still cannot return.  These nuclear disaster victims needed special support, separate from victims who suffered directly from the earthquake and tsunami.  IThe nuclear regulatory authority at the time of the Great East Japan Earthquake was the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (NISA) under the jurisdiction of METI.  The NISA was criticized for failing to ensure the safety of nuclear plants after the earthquake.

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